荏苒之境
Kikomas
CathamosCatalog
- Basic Info
- Phonology \& Orthography
- Morphology
Basic Info
- 8~15AD
- Proto-Germanic > Proto-Norse > Old Norse > Modern Northern Germanic
- Rune / Latin
- Icelandic is the most similar descendant, others are Faroese, Danish, Norsk, Swedish(the latter three can intercommunicate)
- Dialects are Old Western Norse, Old Eastern Norse, Old Gotlandic
- Icelandic has the earliest writing system in Northern Europe
Phonology & Orthography
Vowel
Monophthong
- á [ɔ:]
- a [ɑ]
- é [e:]
- e [e]
- í [i:]
- i [i]
- ó [o:]
- o [o]
- ú [u:]
- u [u]
- ý [y:]
- y [y]
- æ [æ:]
- ǫ [ɒ]
- ǫ́ [ɒ:]
- ø [ø]
- œ [ø:]
Diphthong
- au [ɒu]
- ei [ei]
- ey [øy]
Consonants
- b [b]
- c [k]
- d [d]
- ð [ð]
- f [v], initial [f]
- g [g], in gs/gt [x], in gh [ɣ]
- h [h]
- j [j]
- k [k], in ks/kt [x]
- l [l]
- m [m]
- n [n]
- p [p]
- q [k], mostly in qu/qv
- r [r]
- s [s]
- t [t]
- v [v]
- w [w]
- x [ks]
- z [ts]
- þ [θ]
Stress
Mostly initial stressed, secondary stress on the last syllable
Consonants cluster after long vowels are valid, thus those syllables are super long syllables.
non-initial syllables start always as vowels
hundraða > hundr - að - a
Umlaut-Vowel Harmonization(latter affects former)
i-mutation/u-mutation front vowel mutation/back vowel mutation
i-mutation:(i/j lead) former vowel advances while roundness remains
- a > e
- á > æ
- o > ø
- ó > œ
- u/ju > y
- ú/jú > ý
- ǫ > ø
- au > ey
u-mutation:(u/v lead) former vowel gets more roundness
-
a > ǫ
-
á > †ǫ́ > á
-
e > ø
-
é > œ
-
i > y
-
í > ý
for these four vowels e, é, i, í, the round process are rather irregular and not common
-
unstressed a > u
Condition: when i/u appears in the suffix, the conjugation or declension of N/V/Adj will apply i/u-mutation
Some u-mutation happens where u is absent, because the u dropped at a rather early time
Consonant Sound Change
Consonant lengthening
-t/r after long vowel stem will be long (-tt/-rr)
Consonant simplification
Cluster plus consonant where the presuming result has long consonant after consonant will get shortened
fagr + -rar > fagrar
Consonant assimilation
Five major rules:
-
-r assimilates former l/s/n when they are in a long syllable
sæl + -r > sæll
væn + -r > vænn
-
-ð- assimilates former ð and generates -dd-
eyða > †eyðði > eyddi
-ð- also assimilates former t/s(sometimes also k) and generates -tt-/-st/-kt-
setja > †setði > setti
kyssa > †kysði > kysti
kneikja > †kneikði > kneikti
-
-ð/d- assimilates latter -t and generates -tt-
kaldt > kaltt > kalt
-
-nn- sometimes is assimilated by -r and generates -ð
mann + -r > maðr
annar + … > ann(a)r + … > aðr…
-
-k- + -ð- generates -tt-
sœkja > †sókði > sótti
þykkja > †þókði > þótti
Unvoiced end
Consonants cluster in the end first become unvoiced, and then get assimilated, mostly in past tense conjugation.
-nd > -tt-
-ng > -kk-
-ld > -lt
Consonant dropping
Unstressed -n-/-l- sometimes drops before -t
mikil + -t > mikit
búin + -t > búit
Other Sound Change
Syncope and contraction
Syncope: unstressed short vowel drops
himin + -i > himni
Contraction: when an unstressed vowel followed by a stressed vowel(say AB), there is a contraction
-
if A and B are both front or back(except úa/óa and sometimes úu), they merge and generate a long vowel
*fáa > fá
-
if A is back and B is front, they remain as untouched
búinn
-
if A is front and B is back, they generate diphthong
*féar > fjár(with vowel fracture)
*knéum > knjám/knjóm
Vowel fracture
*e > ja
Other lengthening or shortening
-
stressed vowel at end are lengthened
þu > þú
-
although long vowels before consonants cluster are valid, long vowel are often shortened before cluster, especially before long consonants
eitt + -gi > ekki
*Retention of semi-vowel
Beginning j in Proto-Germanic drops. So beginning j in Old Norse came from fracture.
Old Norse ungr - Old English geong
Before front vowel i/y/ø/œ and sometimes e, middle j drops. In other situation, if j is after g/k or a short syllable, j retains.
veljum - velið(†veljið)
j after long vowel becomes i, this also happens when j is after a short syllable ended with g.
i-stem noun when after a long syllable stem ended with k/g becomes -j- before -a/u in suffix.
Beginning w(v in icelandic) in Proto-Germanic drops when l/r is after.
Old Norse líta - Old English wlitan
Before rounded vowel u/y/o/ø/œ, w drops.
verða > Past tense urðu/Past Particle orðinn
Old Norse œpa - Old English wēpan
After ó/ú, w drops.
Old Norse glóa - Old English glowan
At end or before consonant, w also drops.
Middle w when after g/k or a short syllable retains.
Morphology
Verb conjugation
Category:
- 3 grammatical persons
- 2 numbers: single, plural
- 2 tenses: present, past
- 3 moods: indicative, subjunctive, imperative
- 2 voices: active, middle(like reflexive verb)
Strong Verb(Ablaut, from PIE)
Seven categories where the former six are quite regular:
Category-Infinitive-(3sg.pre)-3sg.pst-3pl.pst-(3sg.pst.sub)-p.p.
- bíta ’bite’-bítr-beit-bitu-biti-bitinn
- skjóta ’shoot’-skýtr-skaut-skutu-skyti-skotinn
- bresta ’burst’-brestr-brast-brustu-brysti-brostinn
- bera ’bear’-berr-bar-báru-bæri-borinn
- reka ’drive’-rekr-rak-ráku-ræki-rekinn
- fara ’go/fare’-ferr-fór-fóru-fœri-farinn
3sg.pre is closely related with infinitive, and 3sg.pst.sub is definitely the result of i-mutation of 3pl.pst.
So we regard infinitive, 3sg.pst, 3pl.pst and p.p. as :one:/:two:/:three:/:four: vowel representative respectively.
- infinitive without -a is :one:
- 3sg.pst is :two:
- 3pl.pst without -u is :three:
- p.p. without -inn is :four:
Active suffix of strong verb
Indicative
- single present
- 1st person: :one:+ i-mutation + -
- 2nd person: :one: + i-mutation + -r
- 3rd person: :one: + i-mutation + -r
- plural present
- 1st person: :one: + u-mutation + -um
- 2nd person: :one: + -ið
- 3rd person: :one: + -a
- single past
- 1st person: :two: + -
- 2nd person: :two: + -t
- 3rd person: :two: + -
- plural past
- 1st person: :three: + u-mutation + -um
- 2nd person: :three: + -uð
- 3rd person: :three: + -u
Subjunctive
- single present
- 1st person: :one:+ -a
- 2nd person: :one: + -ir
- 3rd person: :one: + -i
- plural present
- 1st person: :one: + -im
- 2nd person: :one: + -ið
- 3rd person: :one: + -i
- single past
- 1st person: :three: + i-mutation + -a
- 2nd person: :three: + i-mutation + -ir
- 3rd person: :three: + i-mutation + -i
- plural past
- 1st person: :three: + i-mutation + -im
- 2nd person: :three: + i-mutation + -ið
- 3rd person: :three: + i-mutation + -i
Imperative
- you: :one: + -
- we: :one: + u-mutation + -um
- you(pl.): :one: + -ið
Infinitive: :one: + -a
Present Particle: :one: + -andi
Past Particle: :four: + -inn
infinitive: rjúfa ’break’
dictionary: rjúfa, rauf, rufu, rofinn
:one: rjúf :two:rauf :three: ruf :four: rof
indicative:
- single present
- 1st person: rjúf + i-mutation + - > †rjýf > rýf
- 2nd person: rýfr
- 3rd person: rýfr
- plural present
- 1st person: rjúfum
- 2nd person: rjúfið
- 3rd person: rjúfa
- single past
- 1st person: rauf
- 2nd person: rauft
- 3rd person: rauf
- plural past
- 1st person: rufum
- 2nd person: rufuð
- 3rd person: rufu
Subjunctive
- single present
- 1st person: rjúfa
- 2nd person: rjúfir
- 3rd person: rjúfi
- plural present
- 1st person: rjúfim
- 2nd person: rjúfið
- 3rd person: rjúfi
- single past
- 1st person: rýfa
- 2nd person: rýfir
- 3rd person: rýfi
- plural past
- 1st person: rýfim
- 2nd person: rýfið
- 3rd person: rýfi
Imperative
- you: rjúfa
- we: rjúfum
- you(pl.): rjúfið
Infinitive: rjúfa
Present Particle: rjúfandi
Past Particle: rofinn
Mediopassive suffix of strong verb
Basically plus -sk(1st person -mk) version of active voice with some sound change
-t/ð + -sk > -zk
Indicative
- single present
- 1st person: :one:+ u-mutation + -umk
- 2nd person: :one: + i-mutation + -sk
- 3rd person: :one: + i-mutation + -sk
- plural present
- 1st person: :one: + u-mutation + -umsk
- 2nd person: :one: + -izk
- 3rd person: :one: + -ask
- single past
- 1st person: *:three: + u-mutation + -umk
- 2nd person: :two: + -zk
- 3rd person: :two: + -sk
- plural past
- 1st person: :three: + u-mutation + -um
- 2nd person: :three: + -uzk
- 3rd person: :three: + -usk
Subjunctive
- single present
- 1st person: :one:+ u-mutation + -umk
- 2nd person: :one: + -isk
- 3rd person: :one: + -isk
- plural present
- 1st person: :one: + -imsk
- 2nd person: :one: + -izk
- 3rd person: :one: + -isk
- single past
- 1st person: :three: + *i-mutation + -umk
- 2nd person: :three: + i-mutation + -isk
- 3rd person: :three: + i-mutation + -isk
- plural past
- 1st person: :three: + i-mutation + -imsk
- 2nd person: :three: + i-mutation + -izk
- 3rd person: :three: + i-mutation + -isk
Imperative
- you: :one: + -sk
- we: :one: + u-mutation + -umsk
- you(pl.): :one: + -izk
Infinitive: :one: + -ask
Present Particle: :one: + -andisk
Past Particle: :four: + -izk
infinitive: rjúfa ’break’
dictionary: rjúfa, rauf, rufu, rofinn
:one: rjúf :two:rauf :three: ruf :four: rof
indicative:
- single present
- 1st person: rjúf + u-mutation + -umk > rjúfumk
- 2nd person: rýfsk
- 3rd person: rýfsk
- plural present
- 1st person: rjúfumsk
- 2nd person: rjúfizk
- 3rd person: rjúfask
- single past
- 1st person: *ruf + u-mutation + -umk > rufumk
- 2nd person: raufzk
- 3rd person: raufsk
- plural past
- 1st person: rufum
- 2nd person: rufuzk
- 3rd person: rufusk
Subjunctive
- single present
- 1st person: rjúfumk
- 2nd person: rjúfisk
- 3rd person: rjúfisk
- plural present
- 1st person: rjúfimsk
- 2nd person: rjúfizk
- 3rd person: rjúfisk
- single past
- 1st person: *rýfumk
- 2nd person: rýfisk
- 3rd person: rýfisk
- plural past
- 1st person: rýfimsk
- 2nd person: rýfizk
- 3rd person: rýfisk
Imperative
- you: rjúfask
- we: rjúfumsk
- you(pl.): rjúfizk
Infinitive: rjúfask
Present Particle: rjúfandisk
Past Particle: rofizk
First strong conjugation
Basic: í > ei > i > i/e
Special: infinitive stem with an ending -g has another form of single past which is í > é and g drops
stíga > sté
infinitive: bíta ’bite’
dictionary: bíta, beit, bitu, bitinn
:one: bít :two:beit :three: bit :four: bit
indicative:
- single present
- 1st person: bít
- 2nd person: bítr
- 3rd person: bítr
- plural present
- 1st person: bítum
- 2nd person: bítið
- 3rd person: bíta
- single past
- 1st person: beit
- 2nd person: *beitt > beizt (early -t < -st, thus -tst > -zt)
- 3rd person: beit
- plural past
- 1st person: bitum
- 2nd person: bituð
- 3rd person: bitu
Subjunctive
- single present
- 1st person: bíta
- 2nd person: bítir
- 3rd person: bíti
- plural present
- 1st person: bítim
- 2nd person: bítið
- 3rd person: bíti
- single past
- 1st person: bita
- 2nd person: bitir
- 3rd person: biti
- plural past
- 1st person: bitim
- 2nd person: bitið
- 3rd person: biti
Imperative
- you: bít
- we: bítum
- you(pl.): bítið
Infinitive: bíta
Present Particle: bítandi
Past Particle: bitinn
Second strong conjugation
Basic: jú/jó(ý) > au > u(y) > o, parenthesis indicates forms when i-mutation is applied. jó is the product of jú > jó when there is ð/d/s/t
Special:
- stem with ending -g, g drops and lengthen the vowel
- stem with ending -s, weak conjugation is valid
- lúka ’finish’, súpa ’sip’, lúta ’bow’ conjugate like second type strong verb, although there is no j
infinitive: skjóta ’shoot’
dictionary: skjóta, skaut, skutu, skotinn
:one: skjót :two:skaut :three: skut :four: skot
indicative:
- single present
- 1st person: skýt
- 2nd person: skýtr
- 3rd person: skýtr
- plural present
- 1st person: skjótum
- 2nd person: skjótið
- 3rd person: skjóta
- single past
- 1st person: skaut
- 2nd person: *skautt > skauzt
- 3rd person: skaut
- plural past
- 1st person: skutum
- 2nd person: skutuð
- 3rd person: skutu
Subjunctive
- single present
- 1st person: skjóta
- 2nd person: skjótir
- 3rd person: skjóti
- plural present
- 1st person: skjótim
- 2nd person: skjótið
- 3rd person: skjóti
- single past
- 1st person: skyta
- 2nd person: skytir
- 3rd person: skyti
- plural past
- 1st person: skytim
- 2nd person: skytið
- 3rd person: skyti
Imperative
- you: skjót
- we: *skjót(special)
- you(pl.): *skjót(special)
Infinitive: skjóta
Present Particle: skjótandi
Past Particle: skotinn
Third strong conjugation
Basic: e/i > a > u(y) > u/o and the stem is always with a double consonant ending. i is the product of e followed by n(but brenna ’burn’ and renna ’run’ is special). o is the product of u followed by l/r.
Special:
-
v drops before o/u
verða ’become’ > verð-, varð-, urð-, orð-
-
-nd > -tt, -ng > -kk and -ld > -lt in single past
binda > †band > batt
gjalda ’pay’ > gjalt
-
in infinitive and plural present, ja is fractured from e when e is followed by a consonant cluster that starts with a l/r.
†gelda > gjalda > single present: geld, geldr, geldr plural present: gjǫldum
-
infinitive with a -va ending applies u-mutation first, thus a > ǫ, i > y, e > ø. And -va was wholly removed when applying :three: and :four: types. -v drops when no suffix or -r is added.
†sekkva > søkkva ’sink’
søkkv-, sǫkkv-, sukk-, sokk-
sg.pre søkk, søkkr, søkkr
†singva > syngva ’sing’
singv-, sangv-, sung-, song-
sg.pst sǫng not sǫkk, because actually there is a -v- in the end
-
irregular verb
finna ’find’
finn-, fann-, fund-, fund-
bregða ’hasten’
bregð-, brá-, brátt, brá-
infinitive: søkkva ’sink’
dictionary: søkkva, sǫkk, sukku, sokkinn
:one: søkkv:two: sǫkkv:three: sukk:four: sokk
indicative:
- single present
- 1st person: søkk
- 2nd person: søkkr
- 3rd person: søkkr
- plural present
- 1st person: søkkum
- 2nd person: søkkvið
- 3rd person: søkkva
- single past
- 1st person: sǫkk
- 2nd person: sǫkkt
- 3rd person: sǫkk
- plural past
- 1st person: sukkum
- 2nd person: sukkuð
- 3rd person: sukku
Subjunctive
- single present
- 1st person: søkkva
- 2nd person: søkkvir
- 3rd person: søkkvi
- plural present
- 1st person: søkkvim
- 2nd person: søkkvið
- 3rd person: søkkvi
- single past
- 1st person: sykka
- 2nd person: sykkir
- 3rd person: sykki
- plural past
- 1st person: sykkim
- 2nd person: sykkið
- 3rd person: sykki
Imperative
- you: søkk
- we: søkkum
- you(pl.): søkkvið
Infinitive: søkkva
Present Particle: søkkvandi
Past Particle: sokkinn
Fourth strong conjugation
Basic: e > a > á(æ) > o/u, infinitives have l/m/r/n as an ending
very regular
bera ’carry, bear’ > bar > báru > borinn
nema ’take’ > nam > námu > numinn
since the fourth type is very similar to the fifth type, we cover them together.
Fifth strong conjugation
Basic: e > a > á(æ) > o, infinitives have any consonant except l/m/r/n as an ending
Special: some infinitives end with -ja, thus i-mutation causes e > i which is retained in all present conjugations. -ja verbs are like -va verbs.
†beðja > biðja ’ask, demand, bid’
†setja > sitja ’sit’
There are two even more irregular -ja verbs(which are caused by double consonant gg):
liggja ’lie(lie down)’ > †laggj(which is expected to be :two:) > lá > lág
þiggja ’accept’ > þá > þág
vega > vá > vág
More confusing examples are infinitives with v in root, like sofa and vefa:
sofa ’sleep’
root: svef-
single present: sef(søf), sefr(søfr), sefr(søfr)
plural present: sofum, sofið, sofa
single past: svaf, svaft, svaf
plural past: sváfum, sváfuð, sváfu
vefa ’weave’
root: vef-
single present: vef, vefr, vefr
plural present: vefum, vefið, vefa
single past: †vaf > óf, óft, óf
plural past: ófum, ófuð, ófu
Another irregular verb is troða ’tread’, with pattern o > a > á > o
In the end, considering verb sjá ’see’, which is highly irregular:
infinitive: sjá ’see’
dictionary: sé, sjá, sá, sé
:one: sé:two: sjá:three: sá:four: sé
indicative:
- single present
- 1st person: sé
- 2nd person: sér
- 3rd person: sér
- plural present
- 1st person: sjám
- 2nd person: séð(sjáið)
- 3rd person: sjá
- single past
- 1st person: sá
- 2nd person: sátt
- 3rd person: sá
- plural past
- 1st person: sám
- 2nd person: sáuð
- 3rd person: sá(sáu)
Subjunctive
- single present
- 1st person: sé
- 2nd person: sér
- 3rd person: sé(sjái/sjáir)
- plural present
- 1st person: sém
- 2nd person: séð
- 3rd person: sé
- single past
- 1st person: sæa
- 2nd person: sæir
- 3rd person: sæi
- plural past
- 1st person: sæim
- 2nd person: sæið
- 3rd person: sæi
Imperative
- you: sér
- we: sjám
- you(pl.): séð(sjáið)
Infinitive: sjá
Present Particle: sjándi
Past Particle: séður
Sixth strong conjugation
Basic: a(e) > ó > ó(æ) > a/e, e in past particle is the result of ending k/g.
Special:
-
some ending g drops, like in the first and second types
draga ’drag’ > dró
-
some ending nd acts weirdly, where n drops and d gets assimilated and produces ð:
standa ’stand’ > stóð > stóð > stað
-
some -ja words lead i-mutation, thus all the present conjugations are affected:
sverja
hefja
-
like fifth type, structure like v + back vowel will lose v in past conjugations:
sverja > sór, sórt, sór
vaxa > óx, óxt, óx
vaða > óð, ótt, óð
-
other irregular verbs:
slá ’slay’ > slóg > slóg > sleg
single present: slæ, slær, slær
plural present: slám, sláið, slá
single past: †slag > sló, slótt, sló
plural past: slógum, slóguð, slógu
deyja ’die’
single present: dey, deyr, deyr
plural present: deyjum, deyið, deyja
single past: dó, dótt, dó
plural past: dóm, dóð, dó
hlæja ’laugh’
single present: hlæ, hlær, hlær
plural present: hlæjum, hlæið, hlæja
single past: hló, hlótt, hló
plural past: hlógum, hlóguð, hlógu
Seventh strong conjugation
Those that cannot fit into any of the former six types are called the seventh type strong verbs. They includes:
a > á > ó
a > e > e
á > é > é
au > jó > jó
ei > é > é
The past forms of those verbs retain so-called reduplicated symbol in Proto-Germanic, which in return changes the pattern by adding initial consonant right before the root, thus producing such weird results.
Old English hātan(German heißen) > past tense †heht- > hēt
The typical patterns are as below, where :one: accords with :four:, and :two: accords with :three::
Type 1: heita ’be called’ > hét > hétum > heitinn
Type 2a: auka ’increase’ > jók > jókum > aukinn
Type 2b: búa ’inhabit’ > bjó > bjuggum > búinn
Type 3: falla ’fall’ > fell > fellum > fallinn
Type 4: láta ’let’ > lét > létum > látinn
Type 5: blóta ’offer’ > blét > blétum > blótinn
There are also other extreme irregular ones that belong to the seventh type, their conjugation are as follows:
ganga ’go, walk’ > geng(single past gekk-) > geng > geng
single present: geng, gengr, gengr
plural present: gǫngum, gangið, ganga
single past: gekk, gekkt, gekk
plural past: gengum, genguð, gengu
fá ’hand over, get’ > feng(single past fekk-) > feng > feng
single present: fæ, fær, fær
plural present: fám, fáið, fá
single past: fekk, fekkt, fekk
plural past: fengum, fenguð, fengu
halda ’hold’ > held(single past halt-) > heldum > haldinn
single present: held, heldr, heldr
plural present: hǫldum, haldið, halda
single past: helt, helzt, helt
plural past: heldum, helduð, heldu
hǫggva ’hew’ > hjó > hjuggum
single present: høgg, høggr, høggr
plural present: hǫggum, hǫggvið, hǫggva
single past: hjó, hjótt, hjó
plural past: hjuggum, hjugguð, hjuggu
Some words even retain the reduplicated forms:
róa ’row’
single present: rœ, rœr, rœr
plural present: róm, róið, róa
single past: rera, rerir, reri, where e can be ø
plural past: rerum, reruð, reru, where e can be ø
sá ’sow’
single present: sæ, sær, sær
plural present: sám, sáið, sá
single past: sera, serir, seri, where e can be ø
plural past: serum, seruð, seru, where e can be ø
snúa ’turn’
single present: sný, snýr, snýr
plural present: snúm, snúið, snúa
single past: snera, snerir, sneri, where e can be ø
plural past: snerum, sneruð, sneru, where e can be ø
gróa ’grow’ and gnúa ’rub’ have nothing to do with róa and snúa in the ancient times, but due to analogy they are both now conjugate like róa and snúa respectively.
Weak Verb
Weak verbs plus -ði- to form past tense, and according to the vowel in the stem, weak verbs can be divided into three groups.
sigl-i/j-
kall-a-
lif-i-
the former vowel is called root vowel and the latter one is called stem vowel which differs with groups.
Common sound changes in weak conjugation
-
deletion of i
i in ði vanishes before vowel
stem vowel i/j or i drops before -ði-
-
u-mutation(pay attention to unstressed a > u)
kall-a-ði-um > †kalluðum > kǫlluðum
tal-i/j-ði-uð > †talðuð > tǫlðuð
-
-ð + ð- > -dd-
auð-i/j > eyða
eyð-ði-a > eyðða > eydda
-
sometimes -n + ð- > -nd-
munu ’will’ : mun-ði > mundi
but stefna > stefnði
-
-t/s + ð- > -tt/st
flut-i/j > flytja
flytj-ði-a > †flytða > flytta
þeys-ði-a > †þeysða > þeysta
-
sometimes -p/k/f/l + ð- > -pt/kt/ft/lt
þurfa ’need’: þurf-ði-a > †þurfða > þurfta
but hafa ’have’: haf-ði-a > hafða
-
-Cdd/Ctt > -Cd/C
senda ’send’: send-i/j-ði-a > †sendða > senda
And we only need three representatives for weak verbs because the past tense of weak verbs share the same stem not like in the strong case. Thus infinitive, 3sg.pst, p.p. are :one:/:two:/:three:.
Active suffix of weak verb
Indicative
- single present
- 1st person: :one: + -/-a/-i (three types differ in present)
- 2nd person: :one: + -r/-ar/-ir
- 3rd person: :one: + -r/-ar/-ir
- plural present
- 1st person: :one: + u-mutation + -um
- 2nd person: :one: + -ið
- 3rd person: :one: + -a
- single past
- 1st person: :two: + -ða
- 2nd person: :two: + -ðir
- 3rd person: :two: + -ði
- plural past
- 1st person: :two: + u-mutation + -ðum
- 2nd person: :two: + u-mutation + -ðuð
- 3rd person: :two: + u-mutation + -ðu
Subjunctive
- single present
- 1st person: :one:+ -a
- 2nd person: :one: + -ir
- 3rd person: :one: + -i
- plural present
- 1st person: :one: + -im
- 2nd person: :one: + -ið
- 3rd person: :one: + -i
- single past
- 1st person: :two: + i-mutation + -ða
- 2nd person: :two: + i-mutation + -ðir
- 3rd person: :two: + i-mutation + -ði
- plural past
- 1st person: :two: + i-mutation + -ðim
- 2nd person: :two: + i-mutation + -ðið
- 3rd person: :two: + i-mutation + -ði
Imperative
- you: :one: + -
- we: :one: + u-mutation + -um
- you(pl.): :one: + -ið
Infinitive: :one: + -a
Present Particle: :one: + -andi
Past Particle: :three: + -ðr
Mediopassive suffix of weak verb
Indicative
- single present
- 1st person: :one: + u-mutation + -umk
- 2nd person: :one: + -sk/-ask/-isk
- 3rd person: :one: + -sk/-ask/-isk
- plural present
- 1st person: :one: + u-mutation + -umsk
- 2nd person: :one: + -izk
- 3rd person: :one: + -ask
- single past
- 1st person: :two: + u-mutation + -ðumk
- 2nd person: :two: + -ðisk
- 3rd person: :two: + -ðisk
- plural past
- 1st person: :two: + u-mutation + -ðumsk
- 2nd person: :two: + u-mutation + -ðuzk
- 3rd person: :two: + u-mutation + -ðusk
Subjunctive
- single present
- 1st person: :one:+ u-mutation + -umk
- 2nd person: :one: + -isk
- 3rd person: :one: + -isk
- plural present
- 1st person: :one: + -imsk
- 2nd person: :one: + -izk
- 3rd person: :one: + -isk
- single past
- 1st person: :two: + *u-mutation + -ðumk
- 2nd person: :two: + i-mutation + -ðisk
- 3rd person: :two: + i-mutation + -ðisk
- plural past
- 1st person: :two: + i-mutation + -ðimsk
- 2nd person: :two: + i-mutation + -ðizk
- 3rd person: :two: + i-mutation + -ðisk
Imperative
- you: :one: + -sk/ask
- we: :one: + u-mutation + -umsk
- you(pl.): :one: + -izk
Infinitive: :one: + -ask
Present Particle: :one: + -andisk
Past Particle: :three: + *-zk
First weak conjugation
Stem vowel: i/j, when final syllable is short, j is chosen, otherwise i is chosen.
And i is retained in both present and past, but j is only retained in present. Notedly, whenever there is a i/j in the stem vowel slot, i-mutation is applied, therefore both present and past forms in i’s case are mutated while only present forms are mutated in j’s case.
var-i/j- > ver-j- > var-
sigl-i/j- > sigl-i- > sigl-i-
skil-i/j- > skil-j- > skil-
stafn-i/j- > stefn-i- > stefn-i-
sát-i/j- > sæt-i- > sæt-i-
Some special cases:
-
long syllables with k/g endings, -i- turns to -j- before a/u
lág-i/j- > 3pl.pre †lægia > lægja
-
short syllables with g endings, -j- turns to -i- before single consonant or nothing in present tense.
sag-i/j- > 1sg.pre †segj > segi
-
some short syllables with g endings may double g in present tense
lag-i/j > legg-j-
infinitive: verja ’defend’
:one: ver-j-:two: var-:three: var-
indicative:
- single present
- 1st person: ver
- 2nd person: verr
- 3rd person: ver
- plural present
- 1st person: verjum
- 2nd person: verið
- 3rd person: verja
- single past
- 1st person: varða
- 2nd person: varðir
- 3rd person: varði
- plural past
- 1st person: vǫrðum
- 2nd person: vǫrðuð
- 3rd person: vǫrðu
Subjunctive
- single present
- 1st person: verja
- 2nd person: verir
- 3rd person: veri
- plural present
- 1st person: verim
- 2nd person: verið
- 3rd person: veri
- single past
- 1st person: verða
- 2nd person: verðir
- 3rd person: verði
- plural past
- 1st person: verðim
- 2nd person: verðið
- 3rd person: verði
Imperative
- you: ver
- we: verjum
- you(pl.): verið
Infinitive: verja
Present Particle: verjandi
Past Particle: varðr
Then Mediopassive:
indicative:
- single present
- 1st person: verjumk
- 2nd person: versk
- 3rd person: versk
- plural present
- 1st person: verjumsk
- 2nd person: verizk
- 3rd person: verjask
- single past
- 1st person: vǫrðumk
- 2nd person: varðisk
- 3rd person: varðisk
- plural past
- 1st person: vǫrðumsk
- 2nd person: vǫrðuzk
- 3rd person: vǫrðusk
Subjunctive
- single present
- 1st person: verjumk
- 2nd person: verisk
- 3rd person: verisk
- plural present
- 1st person: verimsk
- 2nd person: verizk
- 3rd person: verisk
- single past
- 1st person: verðumk
- 2nd person: verðisk
- 3rd person: verðisk
- plural past
- 1st person: verðimsk
- 2nd person: verðizk
- 3rd person: verðisk
Imperative
- you: versk
- we: verjumsk
- you(pl.): verizk
Infinitive: verjask
Present Particle: verjandisk
Past Particle: verzk
infinitive: fella ’fall’
:one: fell-i:two: felld-i:three: var-
indicative:
- single present
- 1st person: felli
- 2nd person: fellir
- 3rd person: fellir
- plural present
- 1st person: fellum
- 2nd person: fellið
- 3rd person: fella
- single past
- 1st person: fellda
- 2nd person: felldir
- 3rd person: felldi
- plural past
- 1st person: felldum
- 2nd person: fellduð
- 3rd person: felldu
Subjunctive
- single present
- 1st person: fella
- 2nd person: fellir
- 3rd person: felli
- plural present
- 1st person: fellim
- 2nd person: fellið
- 3rd person: felli
- single past
- 1st person: fellda
- 2nd person: felldir
- 3rd person: felldi
- plural past
- 1st person: felldim
- 2nd person: felldið
- 3rd person: felldi
Imperative
- you: fell
- we: fellum
- you(pl.): fellið
Infinitive: fella
Present Particle: fellandi
Past Particle: felldur
Then Mediopassive:
indicative:
- single present
- 1st person: fellumk
- 2nd person: fellisk
- 3rd person: fellisk
- plural present
- 1st person: fellumsk
- 2nd person: fellizk
- 3rd person: fellask
- single past
- 1st person: felldumk
- 2nd person: felldisk
- 3rd person: felldisk
- plural past
- 1st person: felldumsk
- 2nd person: fellduzk
- 3rd person: felldusk
Subjunctive
- single present
- 1st person: fellumk
- 2nd person: fellisk
- 3rd person: fellsik
- plural present
- 1st person: fellimsk
- 2nd person: fellizk
- 3rd person: fellisk
- single past
- 1st person: fellumk
- 2nd person: fellisk
- 3rd person: fellisk
- plural past
- 1st person: fellimsk
- 2nd person: fellizk
- 3rd person: fellisk
Imperative
- you: fellisk
- we: fellumsk
- you(pl.): fellizk
Infinitive: fellask
Present Particle: fellandisk
Past Particle: fellazk
Second & Third Weak Conjugation
Second: -a- may drop if it is followed by a vowel, sometimes it turns to -u- due to u-mutation
Third: -i- may drop if it is followed by a vowel. And it differs from the first type because the -i- here does not trigger i-mutation. -i- in the third type does not show up in the past tense.
Special: verbs with -á ending drops and only drops -i- in 3pl.pre and don’t need to supply any -a
ná ’reach,get’:
single present: nái, náir, náir
plural present: náum, náið, ná
single past: náða, náðir, náði
plural past: náðum, náðuð, náðu
Preterite-present Verb
This type of verbs apply past tense pattern of strong verbs in their present tense and conjugate as weak verbs in past tense. Only 10 in Old Nose.
How does this weird conjugation pattern exist? Because generally past tense conjugation in Proto-Germanic came from perfect aspect in Proto-Indo-European, but in those words above the perfect aspect became present tense inversely, thus their blank past tense were filled by weak conjugation pattern.
Sometimes they even have present infinitive and past infinitive.